Shell
python manage.py check --deploy
Python
DEBUG = False
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['*']
```Python # 保持HTTPS连接的时间 SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS = 3600 SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS = True SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD = True
# 自动重定向到安全连接 SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = True
# 避免浏览器自作聪明推断内容类型 SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF = True
# 避免跨站脚本攻击 SECURE_BROWSER_XSS_FILTER = True
# COOKIE只能通过HTTPS进行传输 SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = True CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE = True
# 防止点击劫持攻击手段 - 修改HTTP协议响应头 # 当前网站是不允许使用
```Python SECRET_KEY = os.environ['SECRET_KEY']
DB_USER = os.environ['DB_USER'] DB_PASS = os.environ['DB_PASS']
REDIS_AUTH = os.environ['REDIS_AUTH'] ```
说明:如果需要清除之前的安装,就删除对应的文件和文件夹即可
Shell
yum -y install zlib-devel bzip2-devel openssl-devel ncurses-devel sqlite-devel readline-devel tk-devel gdbm-devel libdb4-devel libpcap-devel xz-devel libffi-devel libxml2
Shell
wget https://www.python.org/ftp/python/3.7.6/Python-3.7.6.tar.xz
Bash
md5sum Python-3.7.6.tar.xz
Shell
xz -d Python-3.7.6.tar.xz
tar -xvf Python-3.7.6.tar
Shell
cd Python-3.7.6
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/python37 --enable-optimizations
Shell
make && make install
Shell
vim ~/.bash_profile
vim /etc/profile
```INI ... 此处省略上面的代码...
export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/python37/bin
... 此处省略下面的代码... ```
```Shell
source ~/.bash_profile source /etc/profile ```
Shell
ln -s /usr/local/python37/bin/python3 /usr/bin/python3
Shell
python3 --version
python --version
假设项目文件夹为project
,下面的五个子目录分别是:code
、conf
、logs
、stat
和venv
分别用来保存项目的代码、配置文件、日志文件、静态资源和虚拟环境。其中,conf
目录下的子目录cert
中保存了配置HTTPS需要使用的证书和密钥;code
目录下的项目代码可以通过版本控制工具从代码仓库中检出;虚拟环境可以通过工具(如:venv、virtualenv、pyenv等)进行创建。
project
├── code
│ └── fangtx
│ ├── api
│ ├── common
│ ├── fangtx
│ ├── forum
│ ├── rent
│ ├── user
│ ├── manage.py
│ ├── README.md
│ ├── static
│ └── templates
├── conf
│ ├── cert
│ │ ├── 214915882850706.key
│ │ └── 214915882850706.pem
│ ├── nginx.conf
│ └── uwsgi.ini
├── logs
│ ├── access.log
│ ├── error.log
│ └── uwsgi.log
├── stat
│ └── css
│ └── images
│ └── js
└── venv
├── bin
│ ├── activate
│ ├── activate.csh
│ ├── activate.fish
│ ├── celery
│ ├── celerybeat
│ ├── celeryd
│ ├── celeryd-multi
│ ├── coverage
│ ├── coverage3
│ ├── coverage-3.7
│ ├── django-admin
│ ├── django-admin.py
│ ├── easy_install
│ ├── easy_install-3.7
│ ├── pip
│ ├── pip3
│ ├── pip3.7
│ ├── __pycache__
│ ├── pyrsa-decrypt
│ ├── pyrsa-decrypt-bigfile
│ ├── pyrsa-encrypt
│ ├── pyrsa-encrypt-bigfile
│ ├── pyrsa-keygen
│ ├── pyrsa-priv2pub
│ ├── pyrsa-sign
│ ├── pyrsa-verify
│ ├── python -> python3
│ ├── python3 -> /usr/bin/python3
│ └── uwsgi
├── include
├── lib
│ └── python3.7
├── lib64 -> lib
├── pip-selfcheck.json
└── pyvenv.cfg
下面以阿里云为例,简单说明如何为项目注册域名、解析域名以及购买权威机构颁发的证书。
可以使用类似于sftp的工具将证书上传到conf/cert
目录,然后使用git克隆项目代码到code
目录。
Shell
cd code
git clone <url>
回到项目目录,创建并激活虚拟环境。
Shell
python3 -m venv venv
source venv/bin/activate
重建项目依赖项。
Shell
pip install -r code/teamproject/requirements.txt
Shell
pip install uwsgi
/root/project/conf/uwsgi.ini
)。INI
[uwsgi]
# 配置前导路径
base=/root/project
# 配置项目名称
name=teamproject
# 守护进程
master=true
# 进程个数
processes=4
# 虚拟环境
pythonhome=%(base)/venv
# 项目地址
chdir=%(base)/code/%(name)
# 指定python解释器
pythonpath=%(pythonhome)/bin/python
# 指定uwsgi文件
module=%(name).wsgi
# 通信的地址和端口(自己服务器的IP地址和端口)
socket=172.18.61.250:8000
# 日志文件地址
logto=%(base)/logs/uwsgi.log
说明:可以先将“通信的地址和端口”项等号前面改为http来进行测试,如果没有问题再改回 成socket,然后通过Nginx来实现项目的“动静分离”(静态资源交给Nginx处理,动态内容交给 uWSGI处理)。按照下面的方式可以启动uWSGI服务器。
Shell
nohup uwsgi --ini conf/uwsgi.ini &
安装Nginx。
Shell
yum -y install nginx
修改全局配置文件(/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
)。
```Nginx
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;
events { use epoll; worker_connections 1024; }
http { # 日志格式 log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" ' '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" ' '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"'; # 访问日志 access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main; # 开启高效文件传输模式 sendfile on; # 用sendfile传输文件时有利于改善性能 tcp_nopush on; # 禁用Nagle来解决交互性问题 tcp_nodelay on; # 客户端保持连接时间 keepalive_timeout 30; types_hash_max_size 2048; # 包含MIME类型的配置 include /etc/nginx/mime.types; # 默认使用二进制流格式 default_type application/octet-stream; # 包含其他配置文件 include /etc/nginx/conf.d/.conf; # 包含项目的Nginx配置文件 include /root/project/conf/.conf; } ```
编辑局部配置文件(/root/project/conf/nginx.conf
)。
Nginx
server {
listen 80;
server_name _;
access_log /root/project/logs/access.log;
error_log /root/project/logs/error.log;
location / {
include uwsgi_params;
uwsgi_pass 172.18.61.250:8000;
}
location /static/ {
alias /root/project/stat/;
expires 30d;
}
}
server {
listen 443;
server_name _;
ssl on;
access_log /root/project/logs/access.log;
error_log /root/project/logs/error.log;
ssl_certificate /root/project/conf/cert/214915882850706.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /root/project/conf/cert/214915882850706.key;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE:ECDH:AES:HIGH:!NULL:!aNULL:!MD5:!ADH:!RC4;
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
location / {
include uwsgi_params;
uwsgi_pass 172.18.61.250:8000;
}
location /static/ {
alias /root/project/static/;
expires 30d;
}
}
到此为止,我们可以启动Nginx来访问我们的应用程序,HTTP和HTTPS都是没有问题的,如果Nginx已经运行,在修改配置文件后,我们可以用下面的命令重新启动Nginx。
重启Nginx服务器。
Shell
nginx -s reload
或
Shell
systemctl restart nginx
说明:可以对Django项目使用
python manage.py collectstatic
命令将静态资源收集到指定目录下,要做到这点只需要在项目的配置文件settings.py
中添加STATIC_ROOT
配置即可。
下面的配置中我们使用Nginx实现负载均衡,为另外的三个Nginx服务器(通过Docker创建)提供反向代理服务。
Shell
docker run -d -p 801:80 --name nginx1 nginx:latest
docker run -d -p 802:80 --name nginx2 nginx:latest
docker run -d -p 803:80 --name nginx3 nginx:latest
```Nginx user root; worker_processes auto; error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log; pid /run/nginx.pid;
include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;
events { worker_connections 1024; }
http { upstream xx { server 192.168.1.100 weight=2; server 192.168.1.101 weight=1; server 192.168.1.102 weight=1; }
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
listen 443 ssl;
listen [::]:443 ssl;
ssl on;
access_log /root/project/logs/access.log;
error_log /root/project/logs/error.log;
ssl_certificate /root/project/conf/cert/214915882850706.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /root/project/conf/cert/214915882850706.key;
ssl_session_timeout 5m;
ssl_ciphers ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE:ECDH:AES:HIGH:!NULL:!aNULL:!MD5:!ADH:!RC4;
ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
# proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
# proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_buffering off;
proxy_pass http://fangtx;
}
}
} ```
说明:Nginx在配置负载均衡时,默认使用WRR(加权轮询算法),除此之外还支持ip_hash、fair(需要安装upstream_fair模块)和url_hash算法。此外,在配置upstream模块时可以指定服务器的状态值,包括:backup(备份机器,其他服务器不可用时才将请求分配到该机器)、down、fail_timeout(请求失败达到max_fails后的暂停服务时间)、max_fails(允许请求失败的次数)和weight(轮询的权重)。
当使用Nginx进行负载均衡配置时,要考虑负载均衡服务器宕机的情况。为此可以使用Keepalived来实现负载均衡主机和备机的热切换,从而保证系统的高可用性。Keepalived的配置还是比较复杂,通常由专门做运维的人进行配置,一个基本的配置可以参照《Keepalived的配置和使用》。
下面还是基于Docker来演示如何配置MySQL主从复制。我们事先准备好MySQL的配置文件以及保存MySQL数据和运行日志的目录,然后通过Docker的数据卷映射来指定容器的配置、数据和日志文件的位置。
Shell
root
└── mysql
├── master
│ ├── conf
| └── data
└── slave-1
| ├── conf
| └── data
└── slave-2
| ├── conf
| └── data
└── slave-3
├── conf
└── data
MySQL的配置文件(master和slave的配置文件需要不同的server-id)。
[mysqld]
pid-file=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
socket=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
log-error=/var/log/mysql/error.log
server-id=1
log-bin=/var/log/mysql/mysql-bin.log
expire_logs_days=30
max_binlog_size=256M
symbolic-links=0
# slow_query_log=ON
# slow_query_log_file=/var/log/mysql/slow.log
# long_query_time=1
创建和配置master。
```Shell docker run -d -p 3306:3306 --name mysql-master \ -v /root/mysql/master/conf:/etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d \ -v /root/mysql/master/data:/var/lib/mysql \ -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 mysql:5.7
docker exec -it mysql-master /bin/bash ```
```Shell mysql -u root -p Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 1 Server version: 5.7.23-log MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> grant replication slave on . to 'slave'@'%' identified by 'iamslave'; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show master status; +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ | File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ | mysql-bin.000003 | 590 | | | | +------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit Bye exit ```
上面创建Docker容器时使用的-v
参数(--volume
)表示映射数据卷,冒号前是宿主机的目录,冒号后是容器中的目录,这样相当于将宿主机中的目录挂载到了容器中。
SQL
mysql> flush table with read lock;
Bash
mysqldump -u root -p 123456 -A -B > /root/backup/mysql/mybak$(date +"%Y%m%d%H%M%S").sql
SQL
mysql> unlock table;
```Shell docker run -d -p 3308:3306 --name mysql-slave-1 \ -v /root/mysql/slave-1/conf:/etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d \ -v /root/mysql/slave-1/data:/var/lib/mysql \ -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 \ --link mysql-master:mysql-master mysql:5.7
docker run -d -p 3309:3306 --name mysql-slave-2 \ -v /root/mysql/slave-2/conf:/etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d \ -v /root/mysql/slave-2/data:/var/lib/mysql \ -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 \ --link mysql-master:mysql-master mysql:5.7
docker run -d -p 3310:3306 --name mysql-slave-3 \ -v /root/mysql/slave-3/conf:/etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d \ -v /root/mysql/slave-3/data:/var/lib/mysql \ -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 \ --link mysql-master:mysql-master mysql:5.7
docker exec -it mysql-slave-1 /bin/bash ```
```Shell mysql -u root -p Enter password: Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 2 Server version: 5.7.23-log MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> reset slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> change master to master_host='mysql-master', master_user='slave', master_password='iamslave', master_log_file='mysql-bin.000003', master_log_pos=590; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.03 sec)
mysql> start slave; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> show slave status\G ***** 1. row ******* Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event Master_Host: mysql57 Master_User: slave Master_Port: 3306 Connect_Retry: 60 Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001 Read_Master_Log_Pos: 590 Relay_Log_File: f352f05eb9d0-relay-bin.000002 Relay_Log_Pos: 320 Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000001 Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes Replicate_Do_DB: Replicate_Ignore_DB: Replicate_Do_Table: Replicate_Ignore_Table: Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: Last_Errno: 0 Last_Error: Skip_Counter: 0 Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 590 Relay_Log_Space: 534 Until_Condition: None Until_Log_File: Until_Log_Pos: 0 Master_SSL_Allowed: No Master_SSL_CA_File: Master_SSL_CA_Path: Master_SSL_Cert: Master_SSL_Cipher: Master_SSL_Key: Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No Last_IO_Errno: 0 Last_IO_Error: Last_SQL_Errno: 0 Last_SQL_Error: Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: Master_Server_Id: 1 Master_UUID: 30c38043-ada1-11e8-8fa1-0242ac110002 Master_Info_File: /var/lib/mysql/master.info SQL_Delay: 0 SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates Master_Retry_Count: 86400 Master_Bind: Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: Master_SSL_Crl: Master_SSL_Crlpath: Retrieved_Gtid_Set: Executed_Gtid_Set: Auto_Position: 0 Replicate_Rewrite_DB: Channel_Name: Master_TLS_Version: 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit Bye exit ```
接下来可以如法炮制配置出slave2和slave3,这样就可以搭建起一个“一主带三从”的主从复制环境。上面创建创建容器时使用的--link
参数用来配置容器在网络上的主机名(网络地址别名)。
配置好主从复制后,写数据的操作应该master上执行,而读数据的操作应该在slave上完成。为此,在Django项目中需要配置DATABASE_ROUTERS并通过自定义的主从复制路由类来实现读写分离操作,如下所示:
Python
DATABASE_ROUTERS = [
# 此处省略其他配置
'common.routers.MasterSlaveRouter',
]
```Python class MasterSlaveRouter(object): """主从复制路由"""
@staticmethod
def db_for_read(model, **hints):
"""
Attempts to read auth models go to auth_db.
"""
return random.choice(('slave1', 'slave2', 'slave3'))
@staticmethod
def db_for_write(model, **hints):
"""
Attempts to write auth models go to auth_db.
"""
return 'default'
@staticmethod
def allow_relation(obj1, obj2, **hints):
"""
Allow relations if a model in the auth app is involved.
"""
return None
@staticmethod
def allow_migrate(db, app_label, model_name=None, **hints):
"""
Make sure the auth app only appears in the 'auth_db'
database.
"""
return True
```
上面的内容参考了Django官方文档的DATABASE_ROUTERS配置,对代码进行了适当的调整。
事实上,项目上线中最为麻烦的事情就是配置软件运行环境,环境的差异会给软件的安装和部署带来诸多的麻烦,而Docker正好可以解决这个问题。关于Docker在之前的文档中我们已经介绍过了,接下来我们对Docker的知识做一些必要的补充。
将容器保存成镜像:
Shell
docker commit -m "..." -a "jackfrued" <container-name> jackfrued/<image-name>
使用Dockerfile构建镜像:
```Dockerfile # 指定基础镜像文件 FROM centos:latest
# 指定维护者信息 MAINTAINER jackfrued
# 执行命令 RUN yum -y install gcc RUN cd ~ RUN mkdir -p project/code RUN mkdir -p project/logs
# 拷贝文件 COPY ...
# 暴露端口 EXPOSE ...
# 在容器启动时执行命令 CMD ~/init.sh ```
Shell
docker build -t jackfrued/<image-name> .
Shell
docker save -o <file-name>.tar <image-name>:<version>
docker load -i <file-name>.tar
Shell
docker tag <image-name>:<version> jackfrued/<name>
docker login
docker push jackfrued/<name>
Shell
docker run --link <container-name>:<alias-name>
如果我们能够在Docker中完成项目的部署,并且将整个部署好的容器打包成镜像文件进行分发和安装,这样就可以解决项目在多个节点上进行部署时可能遇到的麻烦,而且整个部署可以在很短的时间内完成。
Supervisor是一个用Python写的进程管理工具,可以很方便的用来在类Unix系统下启动、重启(自动重启程序)和关闭进程,目前Supervisor暂时还没有提供对Python 3的支持,可以通过Python 2来安装和运行Supervisor,再通过Supervisor来管理Python 3的程序。
提示:还有一个和Supervisor功能类似的工具名为Circus,支持Python 3。
Shell
virtualenv -p /usr/bin/python venv
source venv/bin/activate
pip install supervisor
查看Supervisor的配置文件。
Shell
vim /etc/supervisord.conf
INI
; 此处省略上面的代码
; The [include] section can just contain the "files" setting. This
; setting can list multiple files (separated by whitespace or
; newlines). It can also contain wildcards. The filenames are
; interpreted as relative to this file. Included files *cannot*
; include files themselves.
[include]
files = supervisord.d/*.ini
可以看出自定义的管理配置代码可以放在/etc/supervisord.d
目录中,并且文件名以ini
作为后缀即可。
编写自己的配置文件fangtx.ini
并放在/etc/supervisord.d
目录中。
```INI [program:project] command=uwsgi --ini /root/project/conf/uwsgi.ini stopsignal=QUIT autostart=true autorestart=true redirect_stderr=true
[program:celery] ; Set full path to celery program if using virtualenv command=/root/project/venv/bin/celery -A fangtx worker user=root numprocs=1 stdout_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/celery.log stderr_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/celery_error.log autostart=true autorestart=true startsecs=10
; Need to wait for currently executing tasks to finish at shutdown. ; Increase this if you have very long running tasks. ;stopwaitsecs = 600
; When resorting to send SIGKILL to the program to terminate it ; send SIGKILL to its whole process group instead, ; taking care of its children as well. killasgroup=true ; Set Celery priority higher than default (999) ; so, if rabbitmq is supervised, it will start first. priority=1000 ```
Shell
supervisorctl -c /etc/supervisord.conf
| 功能 | 开源方案 | | ------------------- | ------------------------------- | | 版本控制工具 | Git、Mercurial、SVN | | 缺陷管理 | Redmine、Mantis | | 负载均衡 | Nginx、LVS、HAProxy | | 邮件服务 | Postfix、Sendmail | | HTTP服务 | Nginx、Apache | | 消息队列 | RabbitMQ、ZeroMQ、Redis、Kafka | | 文件系统 | FastDFS | | 基于位置服务(LBS) | MongoDB、Redis | | 监控服务 | Nagios、Zabbix | | 关系型数据库 | MySQL、PostgreSQL | | 非关系型数据库 | MongoDB、Redis、Cassandra、TiDB | | 搜索引擎 | ElasticSearch、Solr | | 缓存服务 | Mamcached、Redis |
| 功能 | 可用的云服务 | | -------------- | -------------------------------------- | | 团队协作工具 | Teambition、钉钉 | | 代码托管平台 | Github、Gitee、CODING | | 邮件服务 | SendCloud | | 云存储(CDN) | 七牛、OSS、LeanCloud、Bmob、又拍云、S3 | | 移动端推送 | 极光、友盟、百度 | | 即时通信 | 环信、融云 | | 短信服务 | 云片、极光、Luosimao、又拍云 | | 第三方登录 | 友盟、ShareSDK | | 网站监控和统计 | 阿里云监控、监控宝、百度云观测、小鸟云 |